The debate comes as schools settle into the reality of mass, long-term closures that were originally envisioned to last as little as two weeks.

According to Education Week's tracker, school closures due to coronavirus have affected at least 124,000 U.S. public and private schools and at least 55.1 million students. As of Tuesday night, that included seven states that have opted to close their schools for the remainder of the academic year. Leaders in many others have suggested they may extend closures into the summer as they monitor the crisis. Most states have advocated for continuous learning through online education or take-home packets, but they have varying approaches and expectations.

Supporters of New IDEA Waivers

Among the hardest questions to answer is how to support students with disabilities at home —particularly students who need physical or occupational therapy or more extensive one-on-one supports— when staff members and teachers can't have physical contact with them.

"In 1975, when the law was written, there were not exceptions for a pandemic," said Sasha Pudelski, the advocacy director for AASA, the School Superintendent's Association, which is among the groups that have advocated for some limited waivers from the IDEA. "There is not flexibility granted for certain circumstances."

School districts are also concerned about meeting timelines in the law to review students' Individualized Education Programs, or IEPs, which outline their agreements for meeting individual students' needs. Some schools that initiated assessments to determine if a student required special education services before the closures are now struggling to complete those processes before the deadlines in the law, Pudelski said. That's because paper forms are locked in schools put off limits by local health officials or because therapists can't meet with students to complete specific evaluations that may require the use of manipulatives or physical interaction.

On a much broader scale, some large districts are concerned they don't have the capacity to update the IEPs of all already identified students to reflect the new reality of learning at home without many of the supports they may have had access to at school.

"The clock doesn't stop when schools are providing services as they are now, even though they are physically closed," Pudelski said. "But there are numerous examples of why it's unreasonable to expect them to meet all the different timelines in the law. That's why we recommend a pause until we are back to providing direct, in-person instruction to kids."

The AASA has collected examples of concerns its members are facing as they navigate approaches to special education. Among them:

• Some special education students don't have access to home internet, and even mobile hotspots aren't effective because they live in "dead zones" where there is limited cell phone reception.
• There are students with behavioral, developmental, and physical needs that require one-on-one support that schools say they can't deliver remotely. Those include behavioral interventions and specialized instruction for deaf-blind students.
• There are students with disabilities whose parents don't speak English and cannot assist educators with home instruction and support.
• Some schools lack capacity because educators and staff members have had to step away from their duties to care for family.

Opponents of New IDEA Waivers

Advocates for students with disabilities acknowledge the new realities schools and families are facing together, but are concerned that waiving parts of the federal law will leave them at risk of losing valuable educational progress, said Meghan Whittaker, the director of policy and advocacy for the National Center for Learning Disabilities.

"Ultimately, we need to keep in mind the responsibility everyone has to keep serving kids," she said. "This is not a good situation, but we need to keep in mind ways to lessen the impact that it has on kids. Waivers are not the way to do that."

When it became clear Congress was considering including some waiver authority in the stimulus plan, the center was part of a coalition of six national civil rights and advocacy groups that signed onto a statement that "no new waiver authority is necessary" from the special education law. (You can read more about DeVos's existing waiver authority here.)

The Education Department can be flexible in how it monitors states' compliance with the law, Whittaker said. She pointed to Results Driven Accountability, an effort by the Obama administration to rethink its approach to IDEA enforcement.

That wouldn't answer the concern from schools about families seeking due process hearings, and it wouldn't address concerns about litigation if schools aren't able to meet the written obligations in students' IEPs.

But Whittaker doesn't anticipate a flood of litigation, especially if schools communicate with families and work to find compromises. Her organization is gathering examples of schools that are doing well in addressing the online learning transition by holding IEP meetings online and working with parents to address their concerns, she said.

About 7 million students nationwide are served under IDEA, federal data show. A plurality of those students, 34 percent, have a "specific learning disability," which may deal with things like reading, math, or comprehension skills.

While there may be unique challenges in adapting approaches for students in other disability categories who may need more intensive supports and therapies, additional waivers may also lower expectations for the services schools will deliver for students with more common needs, Whittaker said.

"We can't make policies that will limit the education opportunity for the vast majority of kids with disabilities right now," she said.

Even without IDEA waivers in place, some advocacy groups have already complained that students with disabilities aren't being served.

When the Massachusetts state education department worked on distance learning guidance recently, special education advocates wrote about their concerns. In one case, a family reported that one child, a general education student, received materials and follow-up while her sibling, a special education student, did not. In a letter, the organizations—the Special Needs Advocacy Network, the Federation for Children with Special Needs, and the ARC of Massachusetts— reported families "facing challenges with a wide range of complex medical, mental health, behavioral and trauma needs."

Federal Guidance

Deliberations on IDEA waivers come after DeVos has already addressed the special education law recently.

As the coronavirus pandemic emerged and it became clear some schools may consider closing, the Education Department released guidance that, under federal special education laws, if schools "continue to provide educational opportunities to the general student population during a school closure" through activities like distance learning and online programs, they they must ensure that students with disabilities also have equal access to the same opportunities.

But that guidance was drafted when there was a much smaller number of closed schools with typical planned closures lasting two weeks. Some states told schools not to offer online education to any students if they couldn't address concerns about special education equity.

As closures extended and states sought to retool their strategies, DeVos sought to clear up confusion in a March 21 fact sheet.

"It was extremely disappointing to hear that some school districts were using information from the Department of Education as an excuse not to educate kids," DeVos said in a statement that day.

The fact sheet reaffirmed that federal law mandates that students with disabilities have an equal opportunity to participate in everything schools provide, including online learning, but assures districts they will have flexibility in reaching that goal.

"Although federal law requires distance instruction to be accessible to students with disabilities, it does not mandate specific methodologies," it said. "The department encourages parents, educators, and administrators to collaborate creatively to continue to meet the needs of students with disabilities."

In some cases, compensatory services may be necessary when schools resume normal operations, that guidance said.

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