
By William Walsh and
Dan E. Burns
“It’s becoming quite clear to more and more of us that
autism is not genetic, but epigenetic.” So says William J. Walsh, who received
a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Iowa State University and is an expert in
nutritional medicine. In the 1970s, he collaborated with the renowned Dr. Carl
Pfeiffer, a pioneer in schizophrenia research, and went on to develop nutrient
protocols to normalize brain chemistry in patients with behavioral and
personality disorders,
ADHD, schizophrenia,
and autism. Walsh’s new book,
Nutrient
Power, is subtitled
Heal
Your Biochemistry and Heal Your Brain.
I asked Bill what has happened in autism research since the
late 1980s when he became associated with Dr. Rimland, founder of the Autism
Research Institute. Here’s what he told me.
BILL: “When I first connected with Bernie, a wonderful
inspiring man, he realized that I’d seen more autistic patients than anybody in
the world, eventually six thousand five hundred. More importantly, I had the
world’s biggest chemistry database for autism. I’d already organized a prison
volunteer program to study the biology of prisoners and ex-offenders,
researching the causes of their violent behavior. And the first thing Bernie
and I realized was that autistic children – ASD spectrum kids – have far more
severe chemistry, lab results farther outside the normal range, than criminals.
“Bernie asked me to come to some of his think tanks and give
information. No one was surprised when I reported that ASD kids had B6
deficiency and elevated toxic metals, especially mercury, cadmium, and lead, plus
high copper and low zinc. The surprise was that more than 95% of kids who had
autism were undermethylated. Following that think tank, Jon Pangborn launched a
study of how disruptions in the methylation cycle are consistent with ASD
symptoms. Eminent methylation scientists Jill James and Richard Deth took up
the challenge. We now know that undermethylation is a distinctive feature
of ASD.”
Dan: Why did you
develop the Epigenetic Theory?
BILL: “In the history of science, progress has often been
hastened by the development of theories that attempt to explain the mechanisms
of poorly understood phenomena. Then, over time, as new information comes in,
the model can be honed and improved. We needed a new theory to account for the
effect of environmental toxins on gene expression. That’s why I developed the
epigenetic theory of autism.”
DAN: What’s the
difference between genetics and epigenetics? My understanding is that genetic
theories of autism have not been very helpful to date.
BILL: “That’s right. Genetic therapies – trying to change
DNA that’s gone awry in kids, with Down Syndrome, for example – have been a
washout. They haven’t led to much of anything. But the early research on
altering epigenetic deviations has been really promising. And I think that’s
the hope for the future.”
DAN: So what is
epigenetics?
“Epigenetics is the natural process of gene regulation that
is established in the early days of gestation in the womb. A severe
environmental insult later in life can either turn off a necessary gene or turn
on a damaging gene, resulting in a disorder that can persist for years.
“We know that autism runs in families but violates classical
laws of genetics. We know that in identical twins, if one of them develops autism,
it’s more than sixty percent likely that the other will too. However, it’s not
a hundred percent; so it’s not the DNA, not the genome. That means that
environmental insults must be involved.”
DAN: How can
environmental insults lead to autism without altering the genome?
BILL: “A gene has only one job, and that’s to make a
protein. We have identical DNA and identical genes – the same cookbook – in
every cell of our body, but every tissue in our body needs a different
combination of proteins. How to make that happen? Methyl groups, which are
basically groups of carbon atoms with some hydrogen attached, act like
bookmarks. They tell our metabolism where to start reading the cookbook and
where to stop. Methyl groups attach to certain parts of DNA to regulate whether
a gene is turned on or turned off. So they program the DNA and determine which
proteins are expressed in each tissue.”